5 Study Techniques Backed by Science
Studying smart is just as important as studying hard. Science has long studied how the brain learns and retains information, and over the years, researchers have uncovered techniques that dramatically boost learning efficiency. Whether you're a student preparing for exams, a professional learning a new skill, or a lifelong learner, using evidence-based strategies can improve your retention, recall, and understanding.
1. Spaced Repetition
What It Is:
Spaced repetition is a technique where you review information at gradually increasing intervals over time rather than cramming it all at once.
Why It Works:
This method leverages the “spacing effect,” a phenomenon discovered by psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus. When information is reviewed just before it's forgotten, it’s reinforced more effectively in long-term memory.
How to Apply It:
Use flashcard apps like Anki or Quizlet that implement spaced repetition algorithms. Review notes in intervals: 1 day later, 3 days, 7 days, then bi-weekly. Build a study calendar that incorporates review days for older material.
Best For:
Memorizing vocabulary, historical facts, formulas, and definitions.
2. Active Recall
What It Is:
Instead of passively reading or highlighting, active recall requires you to actively retrieve information from memory.
Why It Works:
Retrieving information strengthens neural connections, making it easier to recall in the future. Studies have shown that testing yourself is more effective than simply rereading notes.
How to Apply It:
After reading a chapter, close the book and write down or say out loud everything you remember. Use flashcards to test yourself on key concepts. Create practice tests or take online quizzes.
Best For:
Subjects that require conceptual understanding and memorization (e.g., biology, history, languages).
3. The Feynman Technique
What It Is:
Named after physicist Richard Feynman, this technique involves teaching a concept in simple terms as if explaining it to a child.
Why It Works:
If you can explain a concept in simple language, it means you truly understand it. This technique helps uncover gaps in understanding and reinforces clarity.
How to Apply It:
Choose a topic you want to understand. Pretend you're teaching it to a 12-year-old. Identify parts where your explanation is weak. Go back to your sources to refine your explanation.
Best For:
Complex subjects like physics, math, philosophy, or programming.
4. Interleaved Practice
What It Is:
Instead of practicing one topic in a block (block practice), interleaved practice mixes multiple topics or problem types in one session.
Why It Works:
Mixing topics forces your brain to continually retrieve and apply different strategies, promoting deeper learning and better retention.
How to Apply It:
Study algebra, geometry, and statistics in one session instead of in separate blocks. If you're learning languages, mix grammar, vocabulary, and listening exercises.
Best For:
Math, sciences, and skill-based learning like coding or playing instruments.
5. Dual Coding
What It Is:
Dual coding combines verbal information with visual aids like diagrams, charts, mind maps, or infographics.
Why It Works:
The brain processes visual and verbal information differently. When both are combined, they reinforce each other, improving recall and comprehension.
How to Apply It:
Draw diagrams while reading text-heavy content. Convert notes into mind maps. Watch educational videos that combine narration with animations or illustrations.
Best For:
Subjects like biology, economics, geography, and any field with processes or structures.
Final Thoughts
These five techniques are not just theoretical—they're grounded in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. You don’t have to use them all at once, but combining a few (like active recall + spaced repetition) can lead to phenomenal results. Remember, effective studying is less about the number of hours you put in and more about how you use those hours.
Start small, be consistent, and study smart!